中文摘要：

岛屿特有物种因具有种群间海域隔离、分布边界清晰、分布范围狭窄及种群规模较小等特点,已成为岛屿生物地理学研究的模式种。综合分析岛屿特有种的相关研究案例,将岛屿特有物种分化和形成过程概括为4个阶段：向岛屿迁移、种群建立、扩大分布区域以及适应性辐射等。岛屿生态系统中特有种分化与形成的驱动力主要包括：（1）海域隔离降低有效基因流;（2）邻近岛屿或大陆对岛屿的多重侵居;（3）建群种适应不同生境的辐射分化;（4）熔岩流等突发地质事件引起的建群种分化;（5）瓶颈效应或建立者效应等驱动新物种形成。尽管岛屿拥有丰富的特有物种多样性,但由于受基因流阻隔、遗传漂变、小种群瓶颈效应及稀有等位基因流失等因素的影响,岛屿特有物种比陆地物种更易于濒危或灭绝。＂物种恢复工程＂与生态系统水平上的生境保护工程的同步开展将有利于岛屿特有物种及岛屿生态系统的保育。

英文摘要：

Due to the oceanic geographic isolation,distinctive distribution boundary,narrow distribution range and small population size,island endemics have become the model species for island biogeography research.According to the studies related to island endemics,we summarized the course of differentiation and speciation of the oceanic island endemics into four stages： migration into new islands,establishment of populations,enlargement of distribution regions and adaptive changes and/or radiations.There were five kinds of forces driving these processes：（1） the reduced gene flow by oceanic isolation;（2） multiple colonization from nearby islands or mainland;（3） adaptive radiation in different habitats;（4） differentiation caused by sudden geological events such as lava flow;（5） speciation conduced by bottleneck effect or founder effect.Though islands have rich diversity of endemics,these island species have greater tendency to be endangering or dying out than their continental conterparts because of genetic drift and small population effects.The combination of the species recovery program and the protection of habitat on ecosystem level will could promote the conservation of island endemics and ecosystems.