中文摘要：

由于碳纳米材料具有良好的力学、电学及化学性能而被人们广泛研究,特别是对于具有大比表面积、高的电导率和良好生物相容性的碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维和石墨烯更是研究的热点。这些新型碳材料具有许多优异的物理和化学特性,被广泛地应用于诸多领域,特别是在电化学领域中显示出其独特的优势。本文主要阐述了碳纳米材料在电化学领域包括生物传感器、超级电容器和燃料电池中的应用。碳纳米材料由于高的比表面积和其较好的生物相容性,在生物电催化反应中起着重要作用,能够提高酶的直接电子传递速率,因而基于碳纳米材料构建的生物传感器灵敏度高、线性范围宽、重复性和稳定性能好。碳纳米材料是超级电容器研究最早和最成熟的一种,由其制备的超级电容器循环稳定性好,再通过和一些赝电容型电极材料复合,可使其比电容得到提高。另外,碳纳米材料作为燃料电池中的催化剂,能够提高燃料电池的能量密度、燃料利用率和抗中毒能力。

英文摘要：

Recently, carbon nanomaterials have received great interest because of their unique mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. Especially, some kinds of novel carbon materials including carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene with large specific area, high conductivity, and good bioeompatibility become research focus. These novel carbon nanomaterials have been applied in many fields due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Especially, carbon nanomaterials have shown their unique advantages in electrochemical field. This paper mainly review the application of carbon nanomaterials to electrochemistry including biosensor, supercapaeitor, and fuel cell. Carbon nanomaterials have an important role in bioeleetroehemical catalytic reaction due to that carbon nanomaterials have high specific area and excellent biocompatibility. Therefore, it can improve the electron transfer rate of enzyme. The biosensors based carbon nanomaterials have high sensitivity, broad linear range, and good stability and reproducibility. Carbon nanomaterial is the earlist and the best one in the supercapacitor electrode materials. The supercapacitor prepared by carbon nanomaterials has good cycle stability. The specific capacitance can be enhanced through the combination of carbon nanomaterials and pseudo-capacitors electrode materials. Carbon nanomaterials can act as the catalysts of fuel cell as well. It can improve the energy density, fuel utilization, and the ability to resist poisoning.