中文摘要：

随着纳米颗粒的广泛生产和使用,其生物毒性效应已成为环境研究领域的一个热点和前沿.大型蚤作为一种模式生物,广泛应用于纳米颗粒的毒性检测.本文综述了典型纳米颗粒对大型蚤毒性的研究进展,包括急性毒性、慢性毒性和生物累积,分析了主要致毒机理,并展望了需进一步加强的研究方向.

英文摘要：

With the wide production and usage of nanoparticles, nanotoxicity has received worldwide researches. As a model organism, Daphnia magna has been extensively used in the nanotoxicity studies. In this review, we overviewed research advance in the toxicity of nanoparticles to Daphnia magna, including acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, bio- accumulation, and the underlying mechanisms. Nanoparticles have dose-responsive acute toxicity to Daphnia manga and their toxicity is related to types of nanoparticles and culture media. Smaller nanoparticles generally have higher toxicity to Daphnia manga, presumably due to their easier transport through cell membranes. Due to polar functional groups and organic macromolecules are able to change surface properties of nanoparticles, most studies suggest that the acute toxicity of nanoparticles might be weakened by surface modification. High concentrations of nanoparticles can suppress the growth and reproduction of Daphnia manga. Bioaccumulation studies showed that nanoparticles could accumulate in Daphnia magna via water, feeding food, and absorbing through the skin. Since the concentration of nanoparticles, exposure time and cultivation media adopted in the studies varied greatly, the body burden and bioconcentration factor of nanoparticles were largely different, which makes it hard to compare accumulation capacity of Daphnia manga to different nanoparticles. At high exposure concentrations, accumulation amount of nanoparticles by Daphnia manga could reach ktg/mg level. Although the toxicity mechanisms of nano- particles to Daphnia manga have not been fully understood, below points are generally used to explain the toxicity： nanoparticle specific toxic, the release of toxic metal ions, and forming toxic complexes with other compounds. Nanoparticles and the release of metal ions can adhere and aggregate onto surfaces of Daphnia manga, causing the physical damage, membrane permeability changes, and cell function loss. They can also promote the production of the reactive oxygen s