中文摘要：

文章基于历年《中国统计年鉴》、《中国人口和就业统计年鉴》和《中国劳动统计年鉴》中的数据，对我国城乡居民收入差距和人力资本投入差异进行分析发现，改革开放以来，我国城乡居民收入差距不断扩大，且近年来仍没有明显下降的趋势，而近十年来我国城乡居民人力资本投入差异已得到很大程度的改观，利用2001-2011年省级面板数据实证分析发现，无论在全国范围内还是在区域范围内，我国城乡居民收入差距均没有随着城乡居民人力资本投入差异的缩小而降低，主要是由教育资源失衡、学历层次不同、劳动力市场扭曲及歧视性择业等因素造成的。因此，在缩小我国城乡居民的人力资本投入差异的同时，要采取相应的措施，如加大对农村地区的教育投入、增加接受高等教育的农村居民比重、统一劳动力市场、引导居民树立正确就业观等，消除其他因素的制约，才能达到缩小城乡居民收入差距的目的。

英文摘要：

Based on the data of past years＇ China Statistical Yearbook, China Population＆amp;Employment Statistical Yearbook and China Labor Statistical Yearbook, analyzing China＇s urban-rural income gap and the difference in human capital input, we find the income gap between urban and rural residents in China has continued to expand since the reform and opening and it hasn＇t gotten lower in recent years, but the difference in human capital input between urban and rural residents has reduced in past ten years by using provincial panel data from 2001 to 2011 to analyze, we find China＇s urban-rural income gap didn＇t get lower when the difference in human capital input between urban and rural residents was reduced whether in national or regional scale. It＇s mainly caused by imbalanced education resources,different education level, distorted labor market and discriminatory employments. Therefore, we must take appropriate measures, such as increase investment in education in rural areas, increase the share of rural residents of receiving higher education, unified labor market, guide residents to set uo correct employment view to eliminate other factors＇ influence to narrow China＇s urban-rural income gap while reducing the difference in human capital input between urban and rural residents.