中文摘要：

为了探明我国早期（西周至春秋时期）料珠和料管的材质和制作方法，利用外束质子激发X射线荧光、X射线衍射、激光Raman光谱及扫描电子显微镜等测量技术，对河南省平顶山应国墓地出土的西周早期至春秋早期的料珠和料管进行了系统地分析研究。结果表明：西周早期的料珠是发生了晶态转变为非晶态、非晶态包裹晶态现象的硅酸镁质玉石，而西周中期至春秋早期料珠和料管系人工用较纯的石英砂添加少量青铜冶炼后的炉渣或矿渣，在低温（700～800℃）烧制而成的釉砂（石英砂，faience），是古玻璃的前身。此前一般笼统地认为中国釉砂起源于西周至春秋时期，截至目前中国釉砂最早可追溯到西周中期。

英文摘要：

To investigate the early material and manufacturing methods （from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the stage of the Spring and Autumn Period） of Liaozhu and Liaoguan in China, the Liaozhu and Liaoguan excavated from the Yingguo tomb in Pingdingshan, Henan Province, dated from the Early Western Zhou to the early Spring and Autumn Period were systematically analyzed by exca- vated beam proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Raman spectrometry and scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The results show that the Liaozhu of the Early Western Zhou period are jades of magnesium silicate, and the phenomena of transition from crystalline state to amorphous state and the crystalline state enwrapped with amorphous state occurred on their sur-faces. However, the Liaozhu and Liaoguan from the Late Western Zhou period to the early stage of the Spring and Autumn Period are yousha （glazed sand, also known as faience）, the precursor of ancient glasses, which were made by firing at temperatures from 700℃ to 800℃ with relatively pure glazed sand and a spot of slag or scoria after bronze smelting. Previously, it has been generally acknowledged that Chinese yousha originated from the Western Zhou Period to the Spring and Autumn Period. It can be concluded that the history of Chinese yousha can be traced back to the Middle Western Zhou Period.