中文摘要：

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分，在土壤有机物质分解和养分释放、能量转移等生物地化循环中起着重要作用。随着人们对生物多样性重要性认识的不断深入及研究方法的不断改进，土壤微生物多样性，尤其是功能多样性的研究工作逐渐受到生态学家的重视。本文从土壤微生物多样性的影响因素以及研究方法等方面阐述了目前国内外土壤微生物多样性的研究现状，并对其未来研究方向进行了展望。

英文摘要：

Soil microorganisms are important components of soil ecosystem and play central roles in bio- geochemical cycling such as organic matter decomposition, mineral nutrient release, and energy transformation. Along with the intensive comprehension of the importance of biodiversity and the rapid development of methodology, more and more studies have focused on soil microbial diversity. This review introduces the current development of methodology and affecting factors of soil microbial diversity. We also discussed the directions of future research on soil microbial diversity.