中文摘要：

生物体各组织的DNA中储存着维持正常生命活性所必须的信息。电离辐射、紫外辐射等外源性因素和内源性自由基会引起DNA糖环或碱基的改变以及DNA链的断裂,导致DNA损伤,引发衰老、细胞死亡、癌症、神经退行性疾病等。本文主要从氢原子夺取、电子加成、碱基电离和氢原子加成4种重要的核酸损伤机理回顾了DNA的损伤过程,着重评述了自由基夺氢和电子加成诱导的DNA损伤过程,旨在对DNA的损伤过程有全面理解,以期为后期实验提供理论基础。

英文摘要：

Essential genetic information,maintained normal life activities for the organisms,is stored in nucleic acid.Endogenous and exogenous sources（such as ionizing radiation,UV radiation,etc.） may cause DNA damage,which,if unrepaired,may result in mutations or cell death.This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms of DNA damage induced by hydrogen Abstraction,electron addition,ionization of DNA bases,hydrogen atom addition.It is hoped to give insights into the comprehension of DNA damage and offer guidance for the future experimental and theoretical research.