中文摘要：

通过梳理和分析欧盟、美国和日本等代表性国家（地区）化肥减量政策的具体做法、实施效果和适用条件,以期发现化肥减量政策在环境取向制定时的共同规律和一般条件,从而为中国化肥减量政策的制定提供可行的政策建议。研究表明,各个国家（地区）的化肥减量政策各有优缺点且适用条件不同,其中欧盟的命令控制型政策适用于涉及农户少、农业种植类型或农场类型同一的情况,美国的经济激励型政策适用于涉及农户较多、农产品市场体制比较完善、价格形成机制灵敏的情况,日本的公众参与型政策适用于相关农业团体较多、经济实力较强的地区。因此,中国在制定化肥减量政策时,应对各国的政策手段取长补短、综合选择;为此,应从完善农产品价格机制和无公害农产品认证制度和积极培育新型农业经营主体等方面着手,通过市场机制的引导促进环境友好型技术的采纳、通过化散为整确保环境标准的有效执行、通过协同带动和宣传引导提高农民的环境意识,从而保证命令控制型、经济激励型和公众参与型等化肥减量政策的有效实施。

英文摘要：

This study reviewed and analyzed the specific practices, implementation effects and applicable conditions of fertilizer reduction policies in the EU, US and Japan, explored the common laws and general conditions in the formulation of environmental orientation, and pro- vided feasible policy recommendations for the formulation of fertilizer reduction policies in China. This study showed that fertilizer reduction policies in each country had their own advantages and disadvantages, and the applicable conditions were different. The EU＇s command and control policy was applicable to the situation of less farm households and the same agricultural planting type or farm type. The economic in- centive policy in the US was applicable to the situation of more farm households, relatively perfect agricultural market system and sensitive price formation mechanism, while the public participation policy in Japan was applicable to regions with more relevant agricultural groups and strong economy. China should learn from each of these policies and make a comprehensive choice in the formulation of fertilizer reduc- tion policies. Therefore, China should proceed from improving the agricultural price mechanism and the pollution-free agricultural products certification system as well as encouraging and supporting the development of large scale production units, and then promote the adoption of environmentally friendly technology through the guidance of market mechanism, ensure the effective implementation of environmental stan- dards through farmers＇ integration and improve farmers＇ environmental awareness through propaganda guidance, so as to ensure the effective implementation of different types （command and control policy, economic incentive policy and public participation policy ） of fertilizer reduc- tion policies.