中文摘要：

根据土壤发生学理论,在土壤景观相似的土壤中（如相同母质、相似气候、相同地形以及相似的植物类型和动物活动）,土壤的属性具有相似性;然而由于地理环境中复杂的成土因素的影响,土壤绝无完全相同的土壤个体。在划分土壤地理发生分类基层单元土种和系统分类基层单元土系时,特定土层被用于反映土体构型差异。但特定土层类型多样,目前尚处于模糊状态,随着土系划分研究的深入,有必要对其进行分门别类与归纳整理。本文以河南省典型土系为例,梳理和总结了土系划分时涉及的主要特定土层,从特定土层形成根源上将其分为现代成土环境下土壤发生过程形成的、地质成因或地质时期土壤环境下发育形成的和人类活动产生的三个类型,并提出了基于土系概念的特定土层分类与检索体系,旨在使特定土层的概念更为系统、全面、开放,以便于使用。

英文摘要：

According to the pedogenetic theories,soils in similar soil landscapes,like climate,parent material,landforms,plants,animals’ activities,are supposed to have similar characteristics as a result of pedogenesis. However,there are no soil pedons absolutely the same,even though they have developed in the same landscape,for their developments could have been drastically affected by various soil forming factors. Specially,in classification of basic soil species in the soil geographico-genetic classification and of basic soil series in the soil taxonomy,a specific or diagnostic soil horizon is cited to differentiate soil structures. Yet,the specific soil horizon diversifies and is still blurred in specification. Diagnostic horizons were created and used for the first time during the 2nd national soil survey. Then the concept and the nomenclature of diagnostic horizons are accepted and used in classification of basic soil series in the soil taxonomy for the purpose of distinguishing structures of soil profiles. As diagnostic horizons play such a crucial role in interpreting structure of a soil series,it is necessary to redefine and collate them systematically. In this paper,soil series typical of Henan were cited as examples,of which diagnostic horizons involved in classification of soil series were collected and summarized. They have been subjected to classification,calcification,anthrogenetic processes,humic accumulation,etc. during their development. So in terms of the cause of genesis,diagnostic horizons could be sorted into 3 groups,i.e. those formed during the soil genesis under modern soil forming environments,those formed under soil forming environments of geological origin or geologic epoch,and those under human activities. On such concepts of soil series,a classification and retrieval system is brought forth for diagnostic horizons with a view to making the concept of diagnostic horizons,more systematic,more comprehensive,opener and easier to apply.