中文摘要：

炭疽是严重威胁人类健康的烈性传染病,其病原体为炭疽芽孢杆菌。炭疽芽孢杆菌在我国公布的《人间传染的病原微生物名录》中被列为第二类病原微生物（高致病性病原微生物）,其芽孢可作为生物战剂和生物恐怖的原材料,因此,发展灵敏、高效的炭疽杆菌检测方法十分重要和紧迫。按检测的靶标分类,针对炭疽杆菌的检测方法主要有四大类：针对炭疽杆菌芽孢的检测方法,针对细菌繁殖体的检测方法,针对炭疽杆菌基因的检测方法和针对炭疽毒素蛋白的检测方法。其中,针对炭疽杆菌芽孢和细菌繁殖体的检测已经有比较成熟的方法,但其在特异性以及临床的实用性方面难以令人满意;针对炭疽杆菌基因的检测技术在特异性和灵敏度上有较大的提高,但在临床诊断等方面还有欠缺;而针对炭疽毒素蛋白的检测技术的发展,使得直接对炭疽杆菌的主要致病因子的检测成为可能,这对于临床诊断以及流行病学研究具有重要意义。本文对当前炭疽杆菌检测方法的最新进展做了简要的归纳,关注了不同检测方法的适用范围和检测能力,并展望了相关领域的发展趋势,希望能为从事炭疽杆菌检测方法研究的同行提供参考和帮助。

英文摘要：

Anthrax, as a fulminating infectious disease, threatens human＇ s health seriously. Bacillus anthracis, the agent of anthrax, was classified into the second kinds of pathogenic microorganisms （one kind of the highly pathogenic microorganism） in the List of Human Pathogenic Microorganisms issued by the Chinese government. The spores formed by B. anthracis are potential material for biological warfare agent and biological terror. Therefore, it is very important and pressing to develop sensitive, efficient detection methods for the bacteria. For detection methods of B. anthracis, there are four types of targets：spores, vegetative ceils, genes and anthrax toxin proteins. Among them, detection methods targeting spores and vegetative cells are developed. However, owing to disadvantages in specificity and clinical practicality, these methods are far from satisfaction. Detection methods targeting genes of B. anthracis are satisfactory in specificity and sensitivity, while it is short in clinical diagnosis. At the same time, the development of detection methods targeting anthrax toxin makes it possible to acquire information about main causative agent directly, which brings about great help in clinical diagnosis as well as epidemiology research. Herein, we summarized briefly detection methods of B. anthracis developed currently, investigated their application ranges and detection capacity, and discussed the development trend of related research, expecting favoring the profession developing detection methods of B. anthracis.