中文摘要：

伸展型盆地是与地壳和岩石圈伸展、减薄作用有关的一类裂陷盆地，包含了重要的沉积矿产和能源资源。综合近年来国内外伸展型盆地的研究，包括大西洋被动大陆边缘、澳大利亚被动边缘以及中国大陆东部的新生代盆地，发现不论是被动边缘还是会聚板块背景下的伸展型盆地，其裂后阶段盆地的沉降过程都不是简单的仅仅由岩石圈的热作用所控制的均匀缓慢的沉降过程，而是呈现多幕式的、快速沉降的特征，反映了盆地裂后演化阶段周缘板块的构造活动及其深部岩石圈的动力因素的控制作用。文章正是从这一角度出发，简述了近年来国内外一些典型的伸展盆地区裂后期快速沉降的研究进展情况，并结合琼东南盆地裂后期沉降演化特征的定量模拟研究，对幕式快速沉降的动力学机制进行了探讨。

英文摘要：

Extensional basins closely related to the stretching and thinning of crust and lithosphere, have great potential for important mineral deposits and energy resources. Recently, researches of extensional basins including Atlantic passive continental marginal basin, Australian passive marginal basin, and Cenozoic basin in Eastern China, have indicated that not only in passive marginal basins, but also in extensional basins of con- vergent plate setting, the post-rift subsidence processes are not uniform and slow ones and not simply controlled by thermal relaxation and equilibration of the lithosphere, but present the characteristics of multi-episode and rapid subsidence, which reflect the controlling role of tectonic activity of the periphery plates and deep lithosphere dynamic factor. On these bases, the article describes briefly the progress of research on the rapid post-rift subsidence of typical extensional basins at home and abroad. Combined with the quantitative modeling of the subsidence features of post-rift evolution in the Qiongdongnan basin, we have discussed the dynamic mechanisms of episodic and rapid post-rift subsidence.