中文摘要：

北极航道的开发和极地资源的勘采为船舶与海洋工程装备设计制造提供了良好的发展契机,但极地极端载荷环境所引起的复杂力学问题也相应地提出了巨大的挑战。为此,本文首先梳理极地航行船舶与浮体结构物涉及的基础力学问题,回顾并讨论国内外在相关力学问题方面的研究进展和技术难点,对于极区波浪传播的理论模型,分析了质量荷载模型,弹性薄板模型,粘性层模型和粘-弹性模型的优缺点和适用性;对于海冰力学行为的数值方法,阐述了有限元法（FEM）和离散元法（DEM）的数值模拟进展;对比了冰区船舶的自由航行和约束船模实验等。本文为航行船舶与浮体结构物的研发提供了一定的参考。

英文摘要：

The development of the Arctic route and exploration for polar resources requires suitable ships and ocean engineering equipment to be designed and built, but the complex mechanical issues raised by the extreme loads experienced in the polar environment present major challenges. This study first analyzed the basic mechanical issues of sailing ships and floating structures. Research progress and technical challenges presented by mechanical problems were reviewed and discussed, and the corresponding theoretical models, numerical methods, and experimental techniques used to address these challenges were presented. The study provides a reference for the research and design of sailing ships and floating structures for use in polar regions, in the theoretical model of the propagation of polar waves, mass loading, thin elastic plate, viscous layer and viscoelastic models have been compared; in the numerical methods of ice mechanics, finite element method （FEM） and discrete element method （DEM） have been analyzed; free navigation and captured model tests of polar ships have been also studied.