中文摘要：

澳大利亚和中国都面临水资源管理的巨大挑战,本文比较了中澳两国在水资源管理方面的异同点。主要结论是：①除人均可利用水资源量外,中澳两国的水资源状况基本类似,两国的年均降雨量比较接近,降雨和径流都具较高的时空变异性;农用灌溉是主要的水利用方式,占年抽取水量的70%;两国都过度开发地表水和地下水,已经导致环境退化;②两国在管理制度和举措中却存在很大差别,相对而言,澳大利亚水管理体制简单可行,其通过伙伴关系建立的流域管理局在水资源综合管理中发挥了非常重要的作用。与此相反,中国有一个复杂的水管理系统,以自上而下的体系设置和跨部门协调为主;在灌溉水管理和流域管理中,澳大利亚已经把重点放在系统化的方法上,应用工程、技术、经济和体制方面的综合措施,相比之下,中国尽管制定了一些经济和体制方面的改革规划,但更重视工程和技术措施。这种水资源管理重点的差异,影响了两国在未来几年内水资源研究的重点,澳大利亚研究优先为政策和管理,而中国则重视技术开发和工程建设;③中国可以从澳大利亚的经验中受益的是系统化的水资源管理理念,包括：用系统化的思路提高水的利用效率,流域一体化的水资源管理以及加强科研和政策管理间的联系;两国也面临着一些共同挑战，包括气候变化、提高水的生产效率的同时恢复农业生态系统、以及理解地表水和地下水的相互关系。

英文摘要：

Water is a scarce resource in many parts of the world and its management is a particularly significant challenge for both Australia and China. A comparative perspective on water resources management between Australia and China is developed in this paper. We concluded that there are some similarities in the nature of water resources in Australia and China. These include similar mean annual rainfalls and high spatial and temporal variability of rainfall and runoff. Irrigated agriculture is the largest water user, accounting for 70% of total annual water withdrawals. Both surface and ground water have been over-exploited, which have resulted in environmental degradation. Because of the large difference in populations a distinct difference between the two countries occurs in per capita water availability. Despite similarities in water resource issues Australia and China are very different in terms of water resource management practices and institutions. Australia has relatively simple water governance in which the Basin Authority through partnership arrangements plays very important roles in water resources management. In contrast, China has a hierarchical water governance system, in which the top-down approach and cross-department coordination are predominant. In both irrigation water management and catchment management Australia has put emphasis on the system approach in which the engineering, technological, economic and institutional measures are included as integrative mechanisms to manage water resources. In contrast China attaches greater importance to engineering and technological measures, although future targets of economic and institutional reforms have been formulated. This difference in emphasis on water resource management results in different research priorities on water resources in both countries over the next few years. The research priority in Australia is linked to policy and management and this contrasts with the technology development and engineering construction emphasis in China. Many of the is