中文摘要：

本文综述凝聚态物理学中的量子相变和量子临界现象，首先考察了相变中存在量子效应的可能性，通过横磁场Ising模型介绍了量子相变的基本特征；接下来对照热临界现象，引入了量子标度和量子重正化的基本概念和操作方式；然后利用量子临界现象的方案，分析了密度驱动、无序驱动和关联驱动的金属-绝缘体相变；继续利用量子临界性的概念探讨如重电子化合物、铜氧化物和巡游铁磁体这类复杂的相互作用多粒子系统；最后选择量子点、碳纳米管和单层石墨为例，介绍了量子临界性在低维和纳米系统研究中的作用。

英文摘要：

In this paper we review the quantum phase transitions and quantum critical phenomena in condensed-matter physics. Firstly, we consider the possibility of quantum effects in phase transitions, and introduce the basic characteristics in quantum phase transitions via the Ising model;next,in contrast to the thermal critical phenomena, the fundamental concepts and operation method of quantum scaling and renormalization are introduced;afterwards, by the scheme of quantum critical scaling,we analyze the density-driven,disorder-driven and correlation-driven metal-insulator transitions; in the next stage, we investigate complex interacting many-particle systems by quantum criticality; finally, taking quantum dots,carbon nanotubes and graphene as examples,we analyze the role of quantum criticality in the low- dimensional and nano-size systems.