中文摘要：

给换新电线并且 transcriptional 规定的 reprogramming 发生在细菌的种形成期间。在抄写因素， cis 规章的元素和目标基因之中的机械学的改变授与细菌小说能力适应随机的环境变化。这个过程对他们的幸存批评，特别为受到加速的进化的细菌的病原体。在过去的二十年，调查者不仅完成了众多的细菌的染色体的序列，而且在理解进化的分子的基础取得了大进步。这里，我们简短在 orthologous， paralogous 和 xenogenic 之中在机械学的变化上考察了当前的知识规章的电路，它被象基因复制，水平基因转移， transposable 元素和不同基因上下文那样的基因再结合引起。我们也在微生物的理论、适用的研究上讨论了这个区域的潜在的影响。

英文摘要：

Rewiring and reprogramming of transcriptional regulation took place during bacterial speciation. The mechanistic alterations among tran- scription factors, cis-regulatory elements and target genes confer bacteria novel ability to adapt to stochastic environmental changes. This process is critical to their survival, especially for bacterial pathogens subjected to accelerated evolution. In the past two decades, the investigators not only completed the sequences of numerous bacterial genomes, but also made great progress in understanding the molecular basis of evolution. Here we briefly reviewed the current knowledge on the mechanistic changes among orthologous, paralogous and xenogenic regulatory circuits, which were caused by genetic recombinations such as gene duplication, horizontal gene transfer, transposable elements and different genetic contexts. We also discussed the potential impact of this area on theoretical and applied studies of microbes.