中文摘要：

美国博士后教育经历了诞生与扩散、积极促进和调整与发展三个阶段，逐渐形成了相应的制度。随着经验的积累，美国博士后制度的特点正在逐步系统与定型：注重人才培养与使用，对博士后的质量评价则根据协议执行，体现了一种松散的管理，根据协议对博士后进行质量评价。美国博士后制度存在如博士后身份不明确，发展规模起伏不定等问题。借鉴美国的做法，我国博士后制度发展应下放管理权限，明确博士后合作导师为博士后第一责任人；提高待遇，吸引更有竞争力的人员来做博士后；设置科学评价指标，注重博士后教育的规模与质量发展。

英文摘要：

The American post-doctoral education has experienced three stages of naissance and diffusion, actively promotion, adjustment and development, gradually forming the corresponding system. With the historical accumulation, the characteristics of the American post-doctoral system are gradually systematic and typing： paying attention to talent cultivation and utilization, implementing the quality evaluation of post-doctorate according to the agreements, which reflects a kind of loose management. However, there are also some problems in the current American post-doctoral system, such as the identity is not clear, the scale is unsteady, etc. The American post-doctoral system is of very important enlightenment for the development of our post-doctoral system. That is, we should decentralize the administration authority, clarify the post-doctoral cooperative supervisor as the first person reliable; improve the treatment so as to attract more competitive personnel to be post-doctorate; set up scientific evaluation index, and pay attention to the scale and quality of post-doctoral system.