中文摘要：

阿富汗呈现“强社会、弱国家”的权力分布模式。部落社会松散却十分强大，国家则孱弱无能，无法有效控制部落社会。如何整合部落社会成为近代以来阿富汗社会政治发展的难题。20世纪30年代到70年代，穆沙希班王朝构建了独特的部落社会治理模式。它首先利用当时的国际形势，从美、苏获取巨额外援，使国家摆脱对部落社会的依赖。借此，阿富汗一方面采取维持部落社会的传统自治、免税和提供补助等举措与部落结成联盟，同时切断部落与宗教阶层的联系，使部落失去了动员能力；另一方面，穆沙希班王朝渐进地推动部落社会变革，依靠外援强化国家的治理能力。这一政策虽维持了部落社会近半个世纪的稳定，但并未真正解决如何整合部落社会的问题，最终成为触发阿富汗问题的重要因素，在当前阿富汗重建中亦可见其影响。

英文摘要：

The state -society relationship in Afghanistan can be described as ＂strong society and weak state＂ . Tribal society is loose, but very strong, and then the state is weak the tribal society to effectively control the tribal society. Therefore, how to integrate is a crucial problem for political development in Afghanistan. From the 1930s to the 1970s, the Musahiban Dynasty had worked out a unique model of governance on tribal society. Afghanistan obtained huge economic and military aid from the US and Soviet Union by availing itself of international situation then. On the one hand, Afghan government formed an alliance with the tribal society by maintaining its autonomy, subsidies, tax exemption and other tribal traditional privilege. Meanwhile, the bond between tribal society and religious classes was cut off, which made the tribal society lose the ability to mobilize. On the other hand, Afghan government gradually promoted the change of tribal society, and strengthened the state capacity through foreign aid. Although this policy had maintained the stability of tribal society for half a century, it also had serious flaws. Afghanistan did not resolve the key question of how to integrate tribal society, but only shelved this question. It eventually triggered the Afghan problem.