中文摘要：

保护遗传学是主要研究与灭绝风险相关的遗传因素以及如何利用遗传学管理方法降低物种灭绝风险的科学,是保护生物学和分子遗传学的交叉学科。近几十年来,遗传学研究在生物多样性保护的理论和实践中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文回顾了AFLP、mtDNAD-loop、RAPD、微卫星DNA、MHC等DNA分子标记技术在扬子鳄的样品采集、生物多样性、个体鉴定、繁殖管理、野外放归等保护遗传学方面研究所取得的一些进展。对扬子鳄保护的工作提出了建议：重建扬子鳄的谱系;加大对扬子鳄的放归力度;加强饲养种群之间的基因交流;借鉴密河鳄的管理经验。

英文摘要：

Conservation genetics,a combination of conservation biology and molecular genetics,is a discipline mainly focusing on the genetic factors related with the risk of extinction and how to lower such risk by employing genetic management methods.In the past few decades,genetic studies have played great roles in the theory and practice of biodiversity conservation.This paper reviewed several molecular marker techniques,including AFLP,mtDNA D-loop,RAPD,microsatellite DNA,and MHC analysis of the Chinese alligator（Alligator sinensis）,which made several advances in conservation genetics,e.g.sample collection,genetic diversity,individual identification,breeding management,and wild release.Meanwhile,several suggestions about the conservation of A.sinensis were put forward：1.Reconstruct the pedigree of the Chinese alligator,2.Increase the effort put into wild releases,3.Enforce gene exchange among breeding populations,4.Learn management experience from A.mississippiensis.