中文摘要：

与传统硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术相比,厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）技术是一种节能降耗的新型生物脱氮技术.ANAMMOX菌是化能自养菌,具有独特的生理生化特性及生物脱氮机理,已成为污水生物脱氮中的研究热点.本文总结了环境生态因子,包括基质浓度、温度和p H、溶解氧及有机物对ANAMMOX菌活性的影响;介绍ANAMMOX菌独特的细胞结构、生理生化特征及生态分布特征;介绍氮素转换的中心分解代谢途径及电子传递系统,解释ANAMMOX生物脱氮机理;着重介绍分子生物学技术,包括荧光原位杂交（FISH）、变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）、荧光定量PCR及宏基因组技术在ANAMMOX菌群落结构解析、生态分布及基因功能检测中的应用.未来还需要对ANAMMOX菌的适宜生长条件、生长代谢途径等进行深入研究,以期全面认识ANAMMOX菌的生命活动规律,为改善其生长弊端、扩大工艺在污水处理中的应用提供理论基础.

英文摘要：

Compared with the conventional nitrification/denitrification process, anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing （ANAMMOX） process was considered to be a promising new and sustainable process for nitrogen removal. ANAMMOX bacteria belong to the chemoautotrophic microbe, one of the research hotspots in wastewater treatment because of their specificities in physiology and metabolism. This paper summarizes the effects of environmental and ecological factors on the activity of ANAMMOX bacteria, including the substrate concentration, temperature and pH, dissolved oxygen and organic compounds. It also introduces the unique cell structure, physiological and biochemical characteristics and ecological distribution of ANAMMOX. Hypothetical scheme is shown as a combination of the central catabolism of ANAMMOX bacteria together with the nitrate reductase to generate low-redox-potential electrons for the acetyl-CoA pathway, contributing to understanding biological nitrogen removal mechanism of ANAMMOX process. Fast-developing molecular biological techniques, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH）, denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）, quantitative real-time PCR and metagenomic technology, provide us a convenient way to study ANAMMOX bacterial properties, including microbial community analysis, ecological distribution and functional genes test. With the development of theories and methods on molecular biology, new technologies including metagenomics and metaproteomics will provide more accurate information of ANAMMOX bacterial microbial properties, which will contribute to comprehensive understand of ANAMMOX activities and overcome the drawbacks of slow growth rate, and further expand ANAMMOX applications in wastewater treatment.