中文摘要：

作为整体互动观的派生方法，个体指向方法不同于变量指向方法，它主张以个体为中心，目的是识别具有同质性的个体亚组。整体互动观中的整体主义强调系统具有不可还原性、不可分解性和自组织性，互动主义主张系统内与系统间的成分交互影响。个体指向分析技术包括聚类分析、配置频次分析、 ISOA、 LICUR、潜在类别分析和混合增长模型等。该方法最初多被应用于发展心理学领域，近年来被越来越多地用于组织行为学和社区心理学等应用心理学领域。未来的个体指向研究应该规范术语使用，在描述现象的同时增加对现象的预测，并且尝试同时使用个体指向方法与变量指向方法。

英文摘要：

Derived from a holistic-interactionistic system view, the person-oriented approach, which diverges from the variable-oriented approach, focuses on the individuals but not the variables and aims to identify the homogeneous subgroups. The holistic-interactionistic view comprises holism and interactionism. The former involves the assump-tions on non-reducibility, non-separability, and self-organization, whereas the latter refers to the reciprocal causal relationship between different components within and among systems. The typical statistical analytic techniques in the person-oriented approach comprise clustering method, configural frequency analysis, ISOA, LICUR, latent class analysis, and mixture growth modeling, and so on. Although this approach initially emerged in the field of de-velopmental psychology, these years it has increasingly gained popularity in several subdivisions of applied psychol-ogy, such as organizational behavior and community psychology. Future person-oriented studies should standardize the usage of terminology, promote the prediction formation, and combine the person-oriented with variable-oriented approaches.