中文摘要：

个体对感知到的善良与不善良行为的反应被称之为互惠。进化心理学研究者认为互惠是由进化而来的，可能是某种生物基因决定了个体的互惠行为，但这一假说目前没有得到广泛的验证。社会交换理论中的规则内化说与社会偏好模型被研究者们广泛接纳，并采用了不同的研究范式进行探讨。已有研究表明，4～5岁是学前儿童互惠行为发展的重要时期，对其构建良好的同伴关系以及亲社会性的发展均有重大意义。个体的互惠行为受到了个体自身与环境相互作用的影响，因此有必要重视个体、家庭与文化环境三方面因素对学前儿童互惠行为发展的作用。成人应重视培养学前儿童积极的心理品质，建立友善的教育环境，宣扬优秀传统文化，以此促进儿童包括互惠行为在内的亲社会性发展。

英文摘要：

Reciprocity refers to the behavioral response to an action that is perceived as either kind or unkind, which is very important for preschoolers＇ peer relationship and prosocial behavior＇s development. Evolution psychologists suggest that some gene decide the individual＇s reciprocity. However, there are few studies on it. Internalization norms and the social preference model are well recognized by the researchers. It has been proved that 4 to 5 years old is the key period for children＇s reciprocity to develop and individ ual and environmental factors play vital roles in the process. Adults should support children＇s reciproci- ty development based on such findings in the field.