中文摘要：

该文主要介绍了量子计算机研究的历史和现状。强调发展大规模的量子计算和实现强关联多体系统的量子模拟，是当前量子计算研究的主流。文章主体部分主要介绍了量子计算机硬件研究方面的进展，主要聚焦于几个具有qubit可集成性的量子系统：量子点系统、超导约瑟夫森结系统、离子阱系统、腔量子电动力学系统，作为实现量子计算机的最主要的候选系统，上述方向的研究吸引了国际上研究量子计算的最主要的力量。我们调研了在这些系统中，在qubit表征、操控方面最具代表性的进展，以及在实现大规模量子计算道路上的困难，和可能的解决办法。

英文摘要：

This article reviews the development of studies on quantum computers. It emphasizes that realizing large-scale quantum computing and quantum simulation for strongly correlated many body systems is the main trend of development of quantum computation. In the main part of this article, we introduce the development of hardware of quantum computers. We focus on some qubit systems with scalability： quantum dots, superconducting Josephson junction, ion trap, and cavity QED, generally, which are considered as main candidates of physical realizations for quantum computers. Studies on those systems are attracting primary experimental groups in the field of quantum computation. We review the main advances in characterizing and manipulating qubits in those systems. We also highlight some difficulties for realizing large-scale quantum compflting and some potential solving methods.