中文摘要：

水稻是我国乃至世界上最重要的粮食作物之一.水稻增产对保障粮食安全和人民生活水平具有极其重要的作用.近60年来,我国水稻育种目标和技术的发展,特别是重要基因的发现以及杂种优势技术的创新与利用,极大地提高了水稻的产量水平,影响着水稻的生产方式.当前,农业生产与资源环境的矛盾日益突出,超高产的育种目标和生产方式需要改变.培育和大面积应用抗病虫、肥水高效吸收利用、抗旱性和抗逆性的绿色超级稻,成为水稻育种与利用的新方向.绿色超级稻的构想与实践对作物育种目标、作物生产方式以及农业可持续发展已经产生重大影响.本文简要介绍我国杂交稻的发展以及绿色超级稻的研究现状.

英文摘要：

Rice is the most important staple food that feeds more than half of the world’s population, particularly in Asia where 90% of rice is consumed. Increasing rice production is essential to meet the demands of a growing human population, with its rising living standards. To address the demand, rice breeders seek new sources of genetic variation and strategies for efficient breeding to enhance the productivity, sustainability and resilience of rice varieties. Over the past sixty years, rice yield has undergone two big leaps, mainly due to the widespread utilization of semidwarf varieties and the exploitation of heterosis by developing hybrid rice. The increase of rice production has made great contributions to global food security. To further increase the yield potential, several approaches such as modification of plant architecture and exploitation of hybrid vigor between the subspecies indica and japonica have been successfully used in development of high-yielding varieties of rice. However, the increased food production with high-yield cultivars requires high-inputs of nutrient, water and labor. Excessive uses of fertilizers, insecticides, and water have resulted in severe problems such as the deterioration of soil, water and environment, as well as the decline of crop productivity. There is a massive challenge as increasing crop production must be achieved in a sustainable manner from less land and reduced inputs. To achieve continuous enhancement of crop production in a sustainable manner, ＂Green Super Rice＂（GSR） with ＂less input, more production and better environment＂ was proposed as a new goal for rice breeding and rice production. The concept of GSR focuses on promoting resource saving and environment friendly rice production, while still achieving yield increase and quality improvement. Thus, the new rice varieties should possess the following characteristic： resistances to major insects and diseases in various rice producing regions, improved nutrient-use efficiency, and resistances to drou