中文摘要：

针对长沙铜官窑谭家坡遗迹馆内大肆爆发的微生物病害，为确定造成考古遗迹污染的优势真菌类型，项目组开展了病害真菌的现状调查和快速检测鉴定工作。利用无菌手术刀收集考古遗迹表面典型病害微生物的菌体样品，通过提取样品基因组总DNA、真菌ITS区PCR扩增、构建克隆文库、序列测定和系统发生关系分析等技术完成了病害菌的分子生物学鉴定和类群组成特点分析。结果表明，遗迹馆内考古遗迹表面爆发的主要病害菌为尖孢镰刀菌（Fusariumoxysporum）、白腐菌（Phlebiabrevispora）、荷叶离褶伞（Lyophfllumdecastes），它们分别隶属于丛赤壳科（Nectriaceae）、伏革菌科（Corticiaceae）、离褶伞科（Lyophyllaceae），均为营腐生真菌，与土壤中木质材料的降解密切相关。考古现场大量的根系残留为病害菌的大肆繁殖提供了重要的营养源，而高的温度和相对湿度是促进病害菌快速生长扩散的主要环境因素。建议人工清除病害菌和根系残留，并对遗迹馆进行适当的环境控制。

英文摘要：

In this study, the fungus that has spread widely in Tanjiapo ruins museum of Changsha Tongguan kiln- sites, Hunan province was quickly identified. The site was surveyed and the fungus that commonly pollutes archaeological sites was identified. Different typical of microbial samples were collected using a sterile scalpel, then the total genomic DNA was extracted, polymerase chain reaction （PCR） was used to amplify the fungal ITS regions. Through a search of a DNA library, the fungal groups were identified. The results indicated that Fusarium oxysporum,Phlebia brevispora, and Lyophyllum decastes were the major fungi polluting the surfaces of archaeological ruins in the study site. These fungi belong to families, Nectriaceae, Corticiaceae, and Lyophyllaceae respectively. All of them are saprophytic fungi, and are responsible for degradation of wood materials in the soil. Thereafter, it is concluded that a mass of root residues has provided vital nutrient sources for the aggressive proliferation of fungus, and the high temperature and relatively high humidity are major environmental factors that promote the explosion of fungal growth in this study site. The manual elimination of the fungi and of root debris, along with proper environ- mental controls, is encouraged for disease control in this archaeological museum.