中文摘要：

为了全面认识中国各省区农业化肥使用的区域差异及对生态环境的潜在威胁,准确把握其环境风险程度,加强风险管理,促进农业可持续发展,对中国化肥投入的分布特征和环境风险进行分析。【方法】考虑氮磷钾3种化肥不同的环境污染效应,建立带有权重系数的化肥使用环境风险指数计算模型,评价中国化肥投入的环境风险。应用定性定量相结合的层次分析法,确定氮磷钾三因子的权重系数。根据原国家环境保护总局2007年设定的生态县建设化肥使用强度小于250 kg.hm-2的标准,按照目前发达国家氮磷钾比例1﹕0.5﹕0.5的施肥实践,确定氮磷钾三元素的环境安全阈值。【结果】目前中国农田化肥使用量平均达到480 kg.hm-2,大多数省区农田化肥投入过量。其基本趋势是东南投入高,西北投入少。2012年化肥使用强度最大、超过690 kg.hm-2的前5个省份是福建、广东、河南、湖北、江苏;化肥使用强度低于200 kg.hm-2的7个省区是西藏、青海、甘肃、黑龙江、贵州、内蒙古、山西。总化肥使用强度最大的福建（908.7 kg.hm-2）是西藏自治区（137.99 kg.hm-2）的6.6倍。氮肥使用强度的区域差异与氮磷钾总肥一致,其中氮肥使用强度最大的广东省（448.5 kg.hm-2）是西藏自治区（62.59kg.hm-2）的7.2倍;氮磷钾施肥不平衡的现象普遍存在,磷肥使用强度最大的河南省（259.8 kg.hm-2）是最小的贵州省（44.04 kg.hm-2）的6倍;钾肥使用强度最大的福建省（264.73 kg.hm-2）是最低的青海省（30.83 kg.hm-2）的8.6倍,钾肥的使用在青海、西藏、甘肃、贵州等省区明显不足。中国农业化肥使用环境污染的潜在风险较大,仅有西藏、青海、贵州、甘肃和黑龙江5个省区属于尚安全状态,河南、福建、广东和湖北属于重度风险状态,其他省区属于轻度风险和中度风险状态。近10年来,中国的化肥消费量以每年3%的速率增加

英文摘要：

[Objective] Studies on distribution and environmental risk of fertilization in China were made in order to fully recognize the differences in provincial agricultural fertilizer use, its potential threats to the ecological environment and the degrees of environmental risk, and realize the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture. [ Method] Considering the different impacts of N, P, K fertilizers on environment, a model of fertilization environmental risk assessment was established with weight coefficients to assess the fertilization environmental risk of China. Analystic hierarchy process （AHP） was used to determine the weithts of N, P, K. The environmental safety thresholds of N, P, K was made according to the standard of 250 kg.hm-2 for the construction of ecological counties sponsered by Chinese government and the proportion of 1 ： 0.5 ： 0.5 for N：P：K surposed by some developed counties. [ Result ] Results showed that, at present the rate of farmland fertilizer in China reached 480 kg.hm2, farmland fertilizer input in most provinces was overloaded. The basic trend was that the southeast part of China puts much more fertilizers onto the farmland than the part of northwest. The first five provinces, whose fertilization intensities were greater than 690 kg＇hm2 in 2012, were Fujian, Guangdong, Henan, Hubei and Jiangsu, while the last seven provinces, whose fertilization intensities were less than 200 kg·hm-2, were Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Heilongjiang, Guizhou, Inner Mogolia and Shanxi. The greatest amount of fertilization, 908.7 kg·hm-2, was in Fujian, 6.6 times greater than that of Tibet （137.99 kg.hm2）. Unbalanced proportion of NPK use was obvious in China. The intensity of nitrogen fertilizer use in Guangdong province was 448.5 kg·hm-2, 7.2 times greater than that of Tibet （62.59 kg·hm-2）; Phosphate fertilizer input in Henan was as high as 259.8 kg·hm-2, 6 times greater than the lowest one of Guizhou （44.04 kg·hm-2）; Potash input in Fujian was up to 264.73 kg·hm-2, 8.6 time