中文摘要：

由于灵长类资源丰富，古代中国人积累下了大量有关猿猴的认识。这些记载分散于历代文学、史学以及名物博物书籍。中国古代认知结构中~~-y-猿猴辨识表现为重直观、重感性与重实用，关注动物的形貌、习性、感官表现以及其行为是否符合“道德”，用拟人视角和人伦标准去看动物，强调动物于人的利害关系，而忽略生物体本身。对于猿与猴孰“善”孰“恶”、孰“优”孰“劣”，中国人却发展出丰富的认知与文化表现，体现了中国传统文化中“求善”的特点。

英文摘要：

Owing to the abundant primate resources, ancient Chinese had accumulated a large amount of knowledge about gibbon and macaque. These records are dispersed in ancient literature, history and the encyclopedia. According to ancient Chinese cognitive structure, intuition and pragmatism underlay the methods they distinguish gibbon and macaque, they concerned more about animal＇s morphology, habit, sensory performance and whether the behavior is ＂moral＂. They looked upon animals from anthropomor- phic perspective and ethical standards, emphasizing animals＇ vital importance to human, while ignoring the organism itself. Chinese people developed abundant cognitive and cultural knowledge about whether gibbon or macaque was ＂kind＂ or ＂wicked＂, ＂superior＂ or ＂inferior＂, which embodies the pursuit of ＂goodness＂ in traditional Chinese culture.