中文摘要：

地震勘探目标日趋复杂化和精细化，＂两宽一高＂等采集技术获得了广泛应用，从而导致当前地震数据采集周期越来越长、成本越来越高，如何解决日益增长的勘探成本问题成为当前地震采集领域的研究热点之一.针对上述问题，本文首先开展了基于稀疏性的地震数据高效采集方法理论研究，对地震数据稀疏性基本理论、稀疏约束下随机采样及其数据重建方法进行了深入探讨，提出使用改进的分段随机采样方法灵活地进行实际地震采集测网设计；详细阐述了多源地震激发方法，对多源地震数据分离方法开展了深入研究，提出了基于小窗口中值滤波与稀疏约束联合随机去噪的多源数据分离方法，并在数据分离处理中取得了较好的效果；将上述两种地震数据采集方案有机结合，提出了1）规则多源、随机检波点（DmsRg）、2）随机多源、规则检波点（RmsDg）和3）随机多源、随机检波点（RmsRg）等三种高效采集方案及相应的数据重建方案，满足了后续常规化数据处理的要求，并讨论了多源激发对数据成像的影响.基于Marmousi模型数据的数值试验表明，本文构建的基于稀疏约束和多源激发的高效采集方法理论对于提高地震数据采集效率、降低勘探成本具有重要的应用价值，建立的数据重建方法流程可以取得和常规数据接近的成像结果.本文方法虽然在数值试验中取得了较为理想的效果，但还需要得到野外实际数据采集的进一步检验.

英文摘要：

Facing the increasingly complex and sophisticated situation of exploration targets, many new seismic acquisition technologies such as wide-azimuth, wide-bandwidth and high-density seismic data acquisition methods have been widely used, leading to the acquisition period is becoming longer and longer and the acquisition cost is becoming higher and higher than before. How to solve such a problem is a current focused issue in this field. This paper presents a study on methods and theories of highly efficient seismic data acquisition, focusing on seismic data sparse representation theory, highly efficient acquisition and reconstruction methods. We present an improved piecewise-random sampling method for seismic data sampling, and then develop a high-precise reconstruction approach for sparse acquisition. Based on the introduction of blended seismic acquisition, the blended seismic data separation is studied thoroughly. A new data separation method based on small window median filtering and sparse constraint joint random denoising is proposed to improve the practicability of the blended seismic acquisition method. We combine the above two useful efficient seismic acquisition methods and propose three highly efficient acquisition network designing methods, including 1） dense blended sources and random geophones （DmsRg） scheme, 2） random blended sources and dense geophones （RmsDg） scheme, and 3） random blended sources and random geophones （RmsRg） scheme. The corresponding reconstruction procedures are proposed which can reconstruct the seismic data on the highly efficient acquisition network to the regular and dense acquisition network. It satisfies the requirements of subsequent processing in accordance with the existing conventional means. Furthermore, the influence of simultaneous shooting on seismic data＇s imaging results is analyzed. We use the international standard Marmousi model to test the proposed data acquisition methods. The numerical examples show that the theoretical framework of the joi