中文摘要：

研究制造商竞争环境下基于产品生命周期的闭环供应链的定价和生产策略：产品第一个生命周期中，只有一个制造商利用原材料生产新制造产品，从第二个周期开始制造商生产新品的同时进行回收再制造、并且出现替代品生产商的竞争。建立两周期双寡头垄断的闭环供应链定价和生产优化模型，得到最优策略，然后将其扩展到多周期和无限周期的情况。结果表明：两周期中制造商应根据再制造成本节约的大小而采取不同的定价和生产策略；多周期中，除第一和最后一个周期外，制造商应采取相同的策略；无限周期中，制造商应在出现竞争后一直采用相同策略。三种情况下，制造商都应在第一周期中低价销售产品来保证第二周期中能回收更多的产品用于再制造以取得低成本的竞争优势；而且随着再制造产品成本节约的增大，制造商昀利润和销售量增大，并且竞争者的利润和销售量减小。算例验证了上述结论。

英文摘要：

Pricing and producing policy is studied on the closed-loop supply chain based on product life cycle in manufacturer competing settings, in which completely new products are produced by single manufactur- er by using raw material in the first product life cycle. However besides new products, used products are recycled and remanufactured from the second period on. And at the same time, alternatives manufacturer arises. A two-period duopoly supply chain model is established and its optimal pricing and producing policy is derived. And then it is expanded to cases of multi-period and infinite-period. Results show that the. dif- ferent pricing policy will be employed according to the saving of remanufacturing unit product in two-period model, the same pricing policy will be utilized in all periods except the first period and the last in multi-pe- riod model, and the identical pricing policy will be implemented when the competition arises in infinite-pe- riod model. For all the three cases above, in order to decrease manufacturer＇s cost and obtain advantages when facing competition, a lower price in the first period will be adopted to collect more cores. As the cost saving of remanufacturing increases, manufacturer＇s profits and sales increase, and competitor＇s profits and sales decrease. Finally a numerical example is given to prove the above conclusions.