中文摘要：

禽主要组织相容性复合体（Major histocompatibility complex,MHC）的结构与禽病防控、禽免疫学、禽类遗传学研究密切相关。文章对鸡、火鸡、鹌鹑、鸭和鹅的MHC结构方面的研究进展进行了综述,表明其有以下共同特点：都有保守的MHC区域,包括MHC I基因和MHC II基因及一些功能未知基因;基因排列简单而紧凑;MHC I基因内含子的长度都比哺乳动物小;鸡、火鸡、鸭和鹅的MHC I基因组序列都有8个外显子和7个内含子,MHC IIβ基因组序列都有6个外显子和5个内含子;鸡、火鸡和鹌鹑的BG基因结构模式相同;都存在微卫星重复单元。但也存在种属差异：鸡的MHC I基因和MHC II基因是双拷贝,而鸭、鹅和鹌鹑有若干个拷贝;BG基因的拷贝数及其外显子数目不同。对主要家禽MHC结构进行分析比较,将有利于对禽病学及禽免疫遗传学的进究。

英文摘要：

The structure of poultry major histocompatibility complex（MHC） is closely associated with avianimmunology and avian disease control. This review summaried the structures of poultry MHC, including chicken, turkey, duck, goose, and quail. It was suggested that there were some common characteristics among these MHCs： all of them have conservative MHC region containing MHC I, MHC II, and unknown functional genes; they are simple and contracted; the lengths of introns of MHC I gene are shorter than those of mammals; all have 8 exons and 7 introns in MHC I genes in chicken, turkey, duck, and goose; all have 6 exons and 5 introns in MHC II genes; the structure patterns of BG genes in chicken, turkey, and quail are identical; and all have microsatellite repetitive motifs. However, there are differences among species： MHC I and MHC II genes are duplicated, while there are several copies in duck, goose, and quail; and the numbers of BG genes are different. It will be helpful to further study avian disease and avian immunologenetics through analysing MHC structures of the major poultrys.