中文摘要：

如何有效解决社会合作困境的搭便车难题？现实提供了两种治理思路：政府治理视角的正式惩罚制度和自愿合作视角的非正式惩罚制度。本文通过讨论实验经济学研究正式惩罚或非正式惩罚制度在不同情形下的社会合作效果,发现正式惩罚制度最具治理优势,而各种不同的非正式惩罚制度往往具有自我维系功能,可以有效促进合作。本文也探讨了可进一步扩展研究的实验议题。

英文摘要：

How to solve the free -riders problem in the social dilemma？ There were two solutions available： formal punishment and informal punishment. This paper documented and discussed several classic experimental studies of different formal punishments or/and informal punishments on social cooperation in different situation. It was unsurprising that formal punishments were the efficient ways for sustaining social cooperation, while the informal punishments had self - sustaining function to promote social cooperation. New insights and follow - up research were also discussed at the end of this paper.