中文摘要：

遗传多样性研究可有效地揭示牦牛的遗传变异,是牦牛群体遗传学研究的主要内容之一。自20世纪70年代以来,人们已对牦牛的体形外貌特征、染色体核型（带型）、生理生化特性和DNA序列变异等进行了较为深入地研究。随着分子遗传学和DNA测序技术的迅猛发展,近年来的研究主要集中在牦牛的分子遗传多样性。文章对近15年来牦牛mtDNA和核基因组分子标记及侯选基因多样性的研究现状进行了综述,对前景进行展望,以期为牦牛群体基因组学等研究提供依据。

英文摘要：

Studies on genetic diversity, as the core of population genetics, reveal genetic variations of the yak （Bos grunniens）. Since the 1970s, the morphological, chromosomal, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, as well as DNA sequence polymorphisms, in yak have been extensively investigated. Following the rapid development of molecular genetics and DNA sequencing technology, the molecular genetic diversity of yak has become a focus in recent studies. In this paper, the research progress on the molecular genetic diversity of yak was reviewed based on the information and knowledge on mtDNA sequences and nucleus molecular markers, as well as candidate genes, obtained over the last 15 years The future perspectives of relevant research topics were discussed to shed more light on depth understanding of the population genomics of the yak.