中文摘要：

[目的]2012~2013年对香格里拉小中甸镇和平村社区牦牛养殖现状开展调查,旨在为提高养牛技术水平和养殖效益提供参考。[方法]调查采用入户抽样调查、农牧户访谈和走访相关部门等方式,收集和分析相关数据。[结果]（1）与2012年比较,2013年和平村牛存栏数下降,出栏率增加。（2）2012年抽样调查51户,户均饲养牛16.57头;2013年抽样调查32户,饲养牛20~100头和100头以上的农户分别占60%和6.25%,以小规模饲养户为主体。（3）牛群结构调查的980头牛中,牦牛、犏牛和黄牛分别占59.70%、23.57%和16.73%,以牦牛为主;牛群中1岁以下、2~10岁和10岁以上的分别占30.31%、63.79%和5.71%;牦牛、犏牛和黄牛能繁母牛比例分别为47.86%、43.72%和46.34%;能繁母牛中≥10岁所占比例：牦牛10.36%、犏牛33.66%、黄牛18.42%,以犏牛最高;牦牛和犏牛母牛的繁殖利用年限长,可达22岁;牦牛的繁殖成活率52.60%,显著低于黄牛和犏牛。（4）自然草地放牧条件下,在12岁前母牦牛生长呈上升趋势,13岁后缓慢下降;同龄中甸牦牛与犏牛体重比较差异不显著,犏牛的杂种优势不明显;犏牛平均日产奶量3.86kg。（5）牦牛和犏牛体外寄生虫2种,线虫3种,吸虫主要是肝片吸虫,对牛群危害大,须全面驱虫。（6）社区基本没有牦牛、黄牛和成年犏牛棚舍,相关养殖设施严重缺乏。（7）出售牛和酥油等收入占农户家庭主要收入的25.36%,成为家庭主要经济来源之一。（8）和平社区冬春草料贮备不足,冷季草畜矛盾相当突出。[结论]牦牛、犏牛、黄牛及其奶制品为家庭主要经济来源之一,但牦牛的繁殖成活率和生产性能普遍偏低,且犏牛杂种优势不明显,同时冬春草畜矛盾突出,提示需要通过加大粗饲料作物种植,加强饲养管理,进一步优化畜群结构,重视牦牛的提纯复壮和杂交改良等措施,以提高牦牛养殖的技术水平和经济效益。

英文摘要：

[ObjectivelThe survey was to provide some suggestions on improving the raising technology and benefits through investigating the present situation in Zhongdian yak at Heping Village,Xiaozhongdain Town of Shangri-La region from 2012--9,013. [Method]The ways of registration involved in sampling resi- dential survey,interviewing farmers and herdsmen as well as the corresponding departments to collect and analyze the data. [Results]The investigation shown that： （1） The cattle inventory was decreasing and the slaughtering rate was increasing in Heping Village in 2012 compared to that in 2013. （2） The small-scale raising households were dominant. The average amount of cattle from 51 sampling households was 16.57 in 2012; the percentages of 32 sampling households possessing 20 ~ 100 cattle and more than 100 cattle were 60% and 6.25% in 2013,respectively. （3） The yak was predominant in the population structure dur- ing the survey from 980 cattle. The amounts of yak, cattle-yak and yellow cattle were 59.70%,23.57% and 16.73% ,respectively. The proportions of cattle which aged below 1 year old,2--10 years old and more than 10 years old accounted for 30.31%,63.79% and 5.71%,respectively. And,the counterparts of repro- ductive cows accounted for 47.86% ,43.72% and 46.34% ,respectively. The reproductive cows aged more than 10 years old accounted for 10.36% ,33.66% and 18.24% in yak,cattle-yak and yellow cattle,respec- tively,of which the value was highest in cattle-yak. The reproductive periods for use in yak and cattle-yak were longer more than 22 years. The reproductive survival rate of yak was 52. 60%, less than those in yellow cattle and cattle-yak. （4） Under the naturally grazing condition, the body weights of female yaks were increasing before age of 12 years old,and were decreasing slowly after age of 13 years old. The body weights in yak did not significantly differ from that in cattle-yak at the same age,and the heterosis was not obvious for cattle-yak. The average daily milk yield was 3.86 kg in ca