中文摘要：

结核病是危害人类健康的重要传染病，每年200多万人死于结核病。耐（多）药菌株的出现、与HIV共感染以及人口老龄化等原因与全球结核病的卷土重来密切相关。枝菌酸是存在于结核分枝杆菌、其他分枝杆菌和许多放线菌的细胞壁中的关键组分，与结核分枝杆菌的致病、毒力和免疫逃避都有关系。枝菌酸在抗结核研究中有着极其重要的地位。结核分枝杆菌枝菌酸的生物合成途径一直是很重要的抗结核药物靶标，异烟肼、乙胺丁醇等抗结核药物都是以此为靶标。深入研究枝菌酸的合成、调控有助于发现更多的药物靶标，为开发结核病控制新措施提供基础。本文综述了结核分枝杆菌枝菌酸的结构与分类、生物合成途径及其调控、作为抗结核药物靶标的前景与应用，以期对枝菌酸有更深入的了解并为新型抗结核药物靶标的发现提供基础。

英文摘要：

Tuberculosis （TB） is one of the world＇ s deadliest diseases. Approximately eight million individuals develop active tuberculosis annually, and two million die of tuberculosis. The emergence of multi-drug resistance strains, HIV coinfection, and an increasing aging population further worsen this scenario. Mycolic acids （MAs, also mycolate） are integral cell wall components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, other mycobacterium and most actinomycetes, engaging in the remarkable survival ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within infected hosts, virulence and evasion of immunity. The biosynthesis and regulation of mycolic acids are rife with anti-tuberculosis drug targets. First-line tuberculosis drugs such as isoniazid and ethambutol target this pathway. In-depth investigation of this aspect will provide more opportunities to find better measures to combat tuberculosis. To this end, we reviewed the structures, classification, biosynthesis pathway, regulation factors in pathway of mycolic acid, as well as promising drug targets.