中文摘要：

根据结构语言学的音位对立理论以及各种语言语料库为基础，进行了一系列的理论研究和数据分析，提出了音位结构功能负担的计算方法。计算步骤主要包括：1）音节对立频次统计；2）对立类型负担量计算；3）音位系统的负担量计算；4）音位的平均负担量计算。利用本方法，以汉语20个方言3000音节为研究对象，计算了对立类型负担量、音位系统负担量和音位的平均负担量在方言上的分布，并提出了音位负担量范畴理论。本方法可应用于语言音位功能研究、语言历史音变和演化研究以及语音工程的应用研究。

英文摘要：

According to the phoneme theory in the structural linguistics, and based on the databases of different languages and dialects in China, the paper provides phoneme data analyses and theoretical explorations and then proposes calculating methods on functional load of phoneme structure. The major calculating contrast; 2） the contrast type of phoneme methods concern： 1 ） the frequency of syllable load; 3） the load of phonemic system; 4） the average phoneme load. Through these methods, the contrast type of phoneme load, the load of phonemic system and the average phoneme load of 3000 monosyllabic words in 20 Chinese dialects are calculated and analyzed. Based on these methods and results, a basic theory of phoneme load is proposed and discussed. These methods can be used in cross-hnguistic studies of phoneme loads, sound changes in historical linguistics, and in language evolution and the application of speech engineering.