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中文摘要：
主动性控制和反应性控制是认知控制研究的新视角。前者通过在反应前维持目标相关信息的表征来预防冲突,后者在反应时重激活目标相关信息以解决冲突。个体能够在这两种认知控制间进行权衡从而形成最优反应。通过AX-CPT等实验范式,辅以ERP、fMRI技术可分离两种认知控制,并观察到认知控制相关的脑区在激活时间和强度上的差异。个体生理发展、认知因素（期望、流体智力、训练）、非认知因素（情绪、动机等）均能影响认知控制的权衡。未来的研究应多关注这一权衡的内在神经机制和认知机制,并与传统认知控制研究相结合,在理论和应用上取得更进一步的发展。
英文摘要：
The study of proactive and reactive control provides an important new insight into cognitive control. Proactive control serves to prevent interference before it occurs by actively maintaining goal-related information, whereas reactive control can resolve interference after its onset by reactivating goal-related information. There is a tradeoff between these two kinds of control to optimize task performance. Several paradigms, such as AX-CPT, combined with ERP/fMRI techniques, have been utilized to investigate proactive and reactive control, revealing the temporal dynamics and location of brain activity （e.g., lateral PFC） under proactive versus reactive control. The tradeoff between these two controls can be influenced by physical development （e.g., age）, cognitive factors （e.g., fluid intelligence, expectation, training）, non-cognitive factors （e.g., emotion, motivation）. Further researches should integrate with the study of conflict control and focus more on the computational and neural mechanisms behind such a tradeoff.
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