中文摘要：

自驱动微纳米马达由于其自主运动特性,在药物运输、生物传感、细胞分离、微手术和环境治理等方面有着重要的应用前景.本文通过分析自驱动微纳米马达的气泡反冲和自泳等各种驱动机理,指出设计制备自驱动微纳米马达的关键是在微纳米粒子周围构建非对称场;重点综述了自驱动微纳米马达从双面神结构和多层管状结构到各向异性单组分结构和各向同性粒子的结构演变与简化历程,并对其发展和应用前景做出了展望.

英文摘要：

Self-propelled micro-/nanomotors （MNMs）, which are defined as micro-/nanodevices capable of converting various energy into autonomous motion, can be used to pick up, transport, and release various cargoes within a liquid medium. They have important potential applications, for example, in drug delivery, biosensors, protein and cell separation, microsurgeries and environment remediation. This review comprehensively introduces the design strategies and structures of self-propelled MNMs along with an outlook for their future development. It starts with the summary of the propulsion mechanisms of self-propelled MNMs of bubble recoiling and self-phoresis induced by the asymmetric release of products or heat. For bubble recoiling propulsion, the continuous momentum change is caused by a jet of bubbles, while for self-phoresis propulsion, the MNMs move in a local electric field, concentration gradient, surface tension gradient, or temperature gradient, etc. After systematically and in-depth understanding these propulsion mechanisms, it has been pointed out that the key to design self-propelled MNMs is to construct an asymmetric field across micro-/ nanoparticles. Following this clue, the structures evolution and simplification methods of self-propelled MNMs are reviewed. Janus structures and multilayer-tubular structures, which are prepared through asymmetric modification process, electrochemical synthesis, template-assisted method, rolled-up nanotech, etc., have been firstly proposed to construct asymmetric fields across micro-/nanoparticles for their propulsion. However, the complicated structure and preparation process hinder the application of MNMs. Anisotropic single-component irregular particles, tubes and bowl-like MNMs, which are obtained by dry spinning method, ＂growing-bubble＂-templated self-assembly, etc., have been subsequently achieved by utilizing their anomalous morphology and the nucleation preference of bubble molecules on different surfaces. This kind of MNMs show somewhat simple structure and c