中文摘要：

直播和育苗移栽是目前长江流域冬油菜并存的两种栽培方式,其技术发展和推广状况对中国油菜产业发展和油料供应安全具有重要意义。不同的历史阶段下,随栽培品种、种植目标、劳动力条件和生产力水平等因素的变化,中国冬油菜栽培方式也在不断的转变和发展。文章概述了新中国建立后冬油菜栽培方式的发展变化历程,从最初以直播种植为主,到20世纪60年代中期直播为主而育苗移栽开始起步,20世纪80年代育苗移栽方式实现全面推广并长期应用,再到当前直播和育苗移栽两种栽培方式并存。而养分管理措施也经历了从最初施用农家肥,到开始施用氮、磷化肥,到提倡氮、磷、钾、硼肥配合施用,再到当前形成的育苗移栽油菜高产高效养分管理技术。直播和育苗移栽油菜的栽培特点和生长过程存在着显著差异,文章主要从生育进程、种植密度、群体结构与个体形态等方面对两者进行了分析和比较。相比育苗移栽油菜,直播油菜的生育期一般相应缩短,个体生长状况较弱,单株产量偏低,但在较高的种植密度基础上可发挥群体优势,且根群结构也有助于增强养分和水分吸收能力,因此具有高产高效的潜力。目前,长江流域育苗移栽油菜的养分丰缺指标和推荐施肥体系已经建立,养分管理策略也较为完善,其要点为：根据土壤肥力状况和目标产量水平合理确定氮、磷、钾、硼肥用量,保证养分平衡供应,实行有机无机肥料配合施用,采取氮、钾肥分次施用（推荐基肥﹕越冬肥﹕薹肥=60%﹕20%﹕20%）以协调生长发育和养分吸收,强壮个体而实现高产。针对直播油菜发展迅速而在高产条件下养分管理研究相对滞后的现状,文章重点比较了其与育苗移栽油菜在养分响应、吸收分配和需求利用等方面的差异,发现直播油菜对养分缺乏较为敏感,养分不足导致个体生长低下和?

英文摘要：

Both direct-sowing and transplanting are the dominated methods to establish winter oilseed rape in the current Yangtze River Basin, China, which play important roles in the development of national oilseed rape industry and edible oil supply security. With the altered cultivars, production targets, local labor conditions, and productivity levels, cultivation patterns and corresponding technical practices had transformed and developed at different historical stages. The present paper reviewed the development processes of cultivation pattern and corresponding technique in winter oilseed rape production since the foundation of China. Direct-sowing, the main cultivation pattern at the beginning and transplantation, was started from 1960 s, and then transplantation was fully adopted in large scale during 1980 s to 1990 s. Nowadays, direct-sowing and transplantation cultivations have co-existed in winter oilseed rape production of China. Correspondingly, nutrient management practices have progressed from farmyard manure application to N and P chemical fertilizers application, and then converted to advocate the balanced application of N, P, K, and B fertilizers, and now a high-yielding and high efficiency technique system is found for transplanted oilseed rape. There are significant differences in the cultivation characters and growth progresses between direct-sowing oilseed rape（DOR） and transplanting oilseed rape（TOR）, their growth stages, plant density, population structure and individual morphology were emphatically compared in this paper. The DOR showed generally shorter growth stages, weaker plants and lower individual yield, compared with TOR. However, DOR played group effects under the higher plant density and had stronger abilities to absorb nutrient and water due to the greater root system, and therefore showed a potential of high yield and high efficiency. At present, the abundance-deficiency nutrient indices and recommended fertilization system of TOR have been established in Yangtze River Basin, and