中文摘要：

山东栖霞方言来源于处所结构的语气词有“ 儿[ler]”及“乜行儿[nie xar]／乜场儿[nie tciar ]，’，其用法与普通话不表疑问的“呢：”基本相当，主要用来表示语气，也可表语气兼表持续。与其它方言相比，栖霞方言来源于处所结构的语气词具有数量多，语法功能多，语法化程度强弱不一，出现的句法条件与“非使然”“使然”义有关等特点。

英文摘要：

Modal particles originated from locative constructions in Qixia dialect are as follows：[ler] 儿,[nie xar]乜行儿and[nie tciar]乜场儿.Their usage is almost identical to the non-interrogative ne 呢 in Putonghua. Besides, it also expresses durative aspect. Compared with other Chinese dialects, these modal particles are characterized by the large quantity in inventory and grammatical functions. Their degrees of grammarization are not uniform. Their syntactical conditions are relevant to the semantic values of causation and non-causation.