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同域物种形成：物种演化和形成的基本模式

ISSN号：1673-923X
期刊名称：《中南林业科技大学学报》
时间：0
分类：Q111.21[生物学—普通生物学]
作者机构：[1]中南林业科技大学生命科学与技术学院,湖南长沙410004
相关基金：国家自然科学基金项目（39500020 39870609 30070627 30371166 30571504 30771741 29391800-滚动项目）

关键词：物种, 干种(群), 物种形成, 同域物种形成, 物类分化公式, 物种距离, species, stem taxa（species）, speciation, sympatric speciation, species distance, speciation formula

中文摘要：

简要分析了物种概念,回顾了物种形成领域的一些基本理论或观点。基于对地球基本生命样式复杂性和多样性的认识,在归纳出主要物类具有高物种分化势能的干类群在该物类中大约占10%~20%、干类群分化出的新物种数占类群总物种数的40%~65%这两个基本数据的前提下,对物种概念、物种形成的过程和方式进行了辨析和推理,并进而提出了以下观点：可能不存在普适的物种概念,用演化系来表示生物基本演化单元是可行的选择,并提出了干群和干种概念;物种形成的过程可以分为5个阶段,即物种分化静止期I、期（DNA多态性起始和慢速分化的准备期）I、I期（DNA多态性迅速分化和趋异时期）I、II期（物种平缓趋异和种化固定期）I、V期（物种分化完成期）。分析了各期的特征和可能的调控机制,认为除了基因漂变、突变、外源因子逆向影响等因子外,还可能存在更本质的、属于干种重要遗传特性的物种分化起始因子和相应的调控机制;将物种形成类型归纳为两种类型：严格意义上的同域物种形成、异域物种形成,前者仅限于没有生态位分化和生殖隔离、主体上同域的物种形成方式,后者包括邻域、离域物种形成方式,以及传统观点中同域物种形成方式中通过寄主隔离、繁殖时间隔离、小空间隔离等方式的物种形成;提出了物类分化公式并进行了推广,推断出物类辐射演化和多歧分支演化的必然性;同域物种形成并非特例,而是必然的结果与高比例现象,并且是类群演化中心和分布中心以及形成辐射成种的根本原因;干种（干群）在类群中的比例以及由干种分化出来的物种的数量在类群总种数中的比例很可能符合黄金分割率;干群可能存在分化次数限制,因此导致物类有寿命,某类生物的物种总数也有上限;最后提出了种系（物种）距离公式。

英文摘要：

Species concepts and general viewpoints on speciation theories were reviewed in the paper.In the meantime,new concepts about species and taxa-stem species and stem taxa,and a new theory about the way and process of speciation were put forward,based on the recognition of the complexity and diversity of life forms on the Earth,and the data of percentages of the existing taxa or species with variant potentials of speciation： 10%~20% of the present taxa or species are highly potential for further speciation,which are defined as stem taxa or species,and new species generated from stem taxa consist of 40%~65% of the total species.So we proposed the following conclusions： It is futile to try to define a universal species concept,a feasible alternative choice is to define the unit of life evolution as an evolution lineage.A general sympatric speciation（in strict sense） period may be divided into five stages： the first stage,i.e.the emergence of DNA polymorphism and preparation of slow speciation;the second stage,in which DNA polymorphism grows fast and diverges quickly;the third stage,i.e.the stage of stable divergence of species and fixation of species features;the fourth stage,during which the formation of new species isthe landmark event;and the last stage is an apparently static phase between two speciation periods,after which another process of speciation begins.Some more essential regulation mechanisms other than genetic drift,mutation,and adverse exotic factors etc.might exist and have worked on the process of speciation,such as an intrinsic initiation operator and a related monitoring mechanism of speciation,which are relevant to the feature of stem species.There only exist two patterns of speciation： sympatric speciation in strict sense and allopatric speciation.Speciation without niche differentiation and reproductive isolation belongs to the former;the others belong to the latter,which includes parapatric speciation,peripatric speciation and ＂the sympatric speciation＂ with distinct niche differ

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