中文摘要：

开展避雷针迎面先导起始及发展过程的仿真研究对建立正确的雷电屏蔽分析模型具有重要意义。基于长间隙放电的物理机制，建立了包括正极性电晕起始与流注发展、先导起始、先导一流注体系发展等物理过程的迎面先导发展物理过程仿真模型，并使用实验室和自然雷电条件下的迎面先导发展过程观测结果对其进行了验证，最后采用该模型对避雷针迎面先导特性进行了分析讨论。结果表明：该模型的计算结果与实验室条件下和一次自然雷电条件下获得的正极性迎面先导发展过程观测结果相吻合；迎面先导起始时刻随着雷电流幅值和避雷针高度的增加而提前；避雷针迎面先导的发展过程主要受雷电流幅值、避雷针高度影响，其发展速度随着下行先导的趋近而逐渐增加：由实验室条件下的正极性棒-板间隙放电获得的先导起始特性直接用于自然雷电中正极性迎面先导起始的计算，以及在迎面先导发展过程的计算中假设迎面先导发展速度与下行先导发展速度成-固定比例是不合适的。

英文摘要：

Researches on the simulation of the inception and development process of upward leaders incepted from lightning rods are beneficial for improving the accuracy of the lightning shielding analysis model. Based on the mechanism of the long air gap discharge, a kind of upward leader model including the process of corona inception, leader inception and leader development was proposed, Observation results of upward leaders under laboratory conditions and natural lightning were used to verify the model. Simulation results agree with the observation results. Characteristics of upward leaders were studied by using the model proposed in this paper. The inception of the upward leader is in advance as the lightning current and the height of the lightning rod increasing. The development process of the upward leader is influenced mainly by the lighting current and the height of the lightning rod. The velocity of the upward leader increases as the approaching of the downward leader. The characteristics of upward leader inception obtained from the rod to plane gap discharge under laboratory conditions should not be used to compute the inception of the upward leader under natural lightning. The hypothesis that the velocity of the upward leader is in proportion to the velocity of the downward leader is improper.