中文摘要：

结构陶瓷大多应用于一些普通材料无法正常使用的特殊环境,在这些环境下常规的测试方法和测试仪器难以准确获得其力学性能参数.本文论述了结构陶瓷在典型应用条件下力学性能评价的一些难点问题和新的研究进展,如界面和表面性能评价、超高温极端环境下材料力学性能评价、陶瓷管材和环状脆性材料的力学性能检测、陶瓷涂层力学性能等.介绍了这些特殊条件下的结构陶瓷关键力学性能的测试新技术与技巧,如十字交叉法、局部受热同步加载法、缺口环法、相对法和痕迹法等多种新评价技术.以Ti3SiC2-Al2O3十字交叉样品、SiC/C复合材料、ZrO2光纤套管、SiC涂层和玻璃为实验对象,测试结果表明这几种新技术操作简单、准确可靠.

英文摘要：

Structural ceramics are widely used in situations where metals are unable to function normally and conventional testing methods are invalid. Various novel testing methods have been introduced to evaluate the mechanical properties of structural ceramics under typical application conditions. Moreover, the mechanical properties have been evaluated at ultrahigh temperatures and under other extreme conditions. The most innovative techniques are： （1） the cross-bonded testing method, which is used to evaluate the tension and shear strength of the bonded surface between ceramics and other solid materials; （2） the split ring testing method, which is used to evaluate the elastic modulus and strength of tubes, rings, or other ceramic components; （3） the relative method, which is used to evaluate the elastic modulus and strength of ceramic coatings conveniently and （4） the loading method combined with localized heating, which is with high precision （this was previously very difficult to achieve）; used to evaluate key mechanical parameters, such as strength and toughness, in oxidative environments above 1500℃ （the first modular and combined mechanical testing system operating at ultrahigh temperature in China has recently been designed and constructed）; （5） residual theory and the indentation method, which are two non-destructive performance evaluation techniques that can be used to establish relationships between the elastic modulus, hardness, and energy dissipation of solid materials, and to easily predict the elastic recovery and brittle properties of ceramic materials. Tests of these novel techniques were carried out on Ti3SiC2-A1203, ZrO2 ceramic ferrules, SiC ceramic coatings, and SiC/C composites. The test results indicate that these novel testing techniques can be used conveniently and reliably to investigate the mechanical properties of ceramic materials in extreme environments.