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渔业捕捞对渤海渔业资源及生态系统影响的模型研究

期刊名称：资源科学,2011，33(6): 1153-1162
时间：0
分类：X171[环境科学与工程—环境科学]
作者机构：[1]中国科学院海洋研究所,青岛266071, [2]中国科学院研究生院,北京100049, [3]山东师范大学,济南250014
相关基金：基金项目：国家重点基础研究973项目课题（编号：2007CB407305,编号：2011CB403602）;国家基金委“创新研究群体科学基金”（编号：40821004）.
相关项目：我国典型海域生态系统演变过程与机制

关键词： ECOPATH, 生态系统, 渔业捕捞, 渤海, Ecopath, Ecosystem, Fishing, Bohai Sea

中文摘要：

本文运用调查数据与Ecopath生态通道模型，定量揭示了近50年来渤海生态系统的变化特征，探讨了渔业捕捞对其变化的影响。研究表明，渤海生态系统最关键的功能组已由20世纪50年代末的高营养级游泳动物食性鱼类，转变为20世纪80年代初和90年代中等营养级的底栖大型甲壳类；近50年来渤海生态系统的能量传递效率在波动中显著下降；渤海生态系统的规模、成熟度、总能流量、费恩循环指数、生态网络的聚合度等属性指标均波动剧烈，表明渤海生态系统目前并不成熟，尚处于不稳定期。渔业捕捞是渤海生态系统变化的重要影响因素。因此，应降低渤海渔业捕捞的强度，防止发生持续大强度捕捞导致的渤海渔业资源衰退和生态系统崩溃，以实现渤海渔业资源的可持续利用和生态系统的正常运转。

英文摘要：

Based on integrated analysis of historical data and the Ecopath model, this study examined changes in Bohai Sea ecosystems over recent 50 years and the effects of fishing on such changes. It would be of significance to promote the transition to an ecosystem-level study when investigating fishing impacts, and of practical significance for managers to make reasonable decisions on fishery resources protection. Ecopath models have similar output values of biomass, ecotrophic efficiency, and attributes of the same functional groups under different fishing intensity in the same year. Estimated from the output of Ecopath models, the keystoneness and relative overall effect of each functional group show that the most key functional groups of Bohai Sea ecosystems changed from high trophic level fishes of nekton feeding habits in the late 1950s, to macro benthic crustaceans with medium trophic levels in the early 1980s and in the 1990s .The increasing fishing intensity is the important factor causing the transition of the most key functional groups. The energy transfer efficiency of Bohai Sea ecosystems decreased greatly with fluctuations, reflecting declining utilization efficiency of energy by Bohai Sea ecosystems. The Ecopath models show that the decrease in the transfer efficiency is caused mainly by the decline of the transfer efficiency by organisms with relative low trophic levels. The high pressure of fishing activities is an important influencing factor of such decrease. The attributes of Bohai Sea ecosystems, such as total system throughput, total primary production/total biomass, sum of all flows into detritus, total primary production/total respiration, Finn＇ s cycling index （of total throughput）, and Finn＇ s mean path length, fluctuated greatly in recent decades. This indicates that the scale and maturity of Bohai Sea ecosystems exhibited a great instability over the last 50 years, and that the self-adjustment ability of Bohai Sea ecosystems was low. Thus, Bohai Sea ecosystems are in an unstable period