中文摘要：

艾滋病是由HIV病毒感染引起的一种死亡率较高的获得性免疫缺陷综合症，虽然高效抗逆转录病毒疗法（HAART）能够将血浆内病毒载量降至不可检测水平，但病毒并不能被彻底清除，主要原因是HIV感染后会通过在某些细胞内形成潜伏病毒存在于病毒库中，在停用HAART后潜伏病毒将大量复制。目前研究普遍认为HIV潜伏库是根除HIV感染的主要障碍，随之发展出的一种清除潜伏病毒的新策略为：使用HIV潜伏激活剂诱导潜伏病毒复制及其基因表达，然后通过HAART或自身免疫系统将激活的病毒及其宿主细胞杀灭。因此，寻找高效、安全、可行性高的激活剂成为清除潜伏病毒的关键。迄今为止，HIV潜伏感染激活剂有多种，分别作用于HIV转录的不同阶段并各有优缺点。该文将对潜伏感染的机制及其激活剂的最新研究进展做一介绍。

英文摘要：

AIDS is the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by HIV infection with a high mortality rate. Although highly active antiretroviral therapy （HAART） can decline plas- ma HIV viral load to an undeteetable level, unfortunately, it does not possess the ability to cure AIDS, because viruses always recover replication at any time if the antiviral therapy is interrupt- ed. Now it is widely accepted that the existence of long-lived la- tent HIV reservoirs is the primary obstacle to clear the virus in- fection. A new strategy is being developed to eradicate the latent viruses by inducing expression of viruses so that the HAART or host immune system can recognize and kill them and their resi- dent cells. Therefore, an effective, safe, and highly feasible ac- tivator may be a key to root out the latent virus reservoirs. So far, the latent HIV activators have multiple, different functions in different stages of HIV transcription, and each activator has its advantages and disadvantages. This review will introduce the lat- est research progress in the mechanism and activators of HIV la- tency.