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中文摘要：
引入水账户理论和方法，以研究流域水资源的利用状况。介绍了水账户的概念体系、基本数学表述、尺度和平衡要素。该方法根据水平衡原理，对流域内不同用途的水进行分类。通过分析水资源在生态经济系统中的流向、流量和存量等的变化过程，完整地呈现研究区内的所有用户，以便分析提高可用水量的途径及节水的可能性。应用该方法对黑河流域中游张掖市水资源利用情况的分析表明，研究时间内田间尺度所有可用水均被损耗殆尽，导致土壤水储量减少，减少水分的无效损耗量是提高灌区水资源利用率的重要措施。从流域尺度上看总入境水量中92．6％被损耗利用，该市的水资源利用处于不可持续的极限状态。最后讨论了不同尺度水分生产率转化、农业节水措施选择、流域生态健康与水利用效率的关系等，指出仅提高渠系利用率和渠道衬砌率等措施不能从根本上提高水分生产率，水利用效率的提高应以全流域水利用效率为指标。
英文摘要：
The water accounting method is introduced to study the utilization status of water resources. The conceptual frame of this method and its mathematical expression are presented. By analyzing the variation process of flow direction, discharge and water storage the water users in the district to be investigated can be clearly identified. Thus, the ways of elevating the usable water amount and the possibility of water saving may suggest accordingly. The method is applied to analyze the water resources status in Zhangye City, located at the mid stream of Heihe River. The result shows that in the given time period all water on field scale was depleted and the water storage in soil was reduced. To reduce the useless water consumption is the important measure to elevate the utilization rate of irrigated area. Since 92.6% of water on river basin scale is consumed the water resources of this city is in a critical unsustainable status. It is pointed out that the water saving measures including the improvement of utilization coefficient and increasing the lining ratio of irrigation channel will not significantly elevate the productivity of water use, the water utilization index of whole basin is the unique index for assessing the water use efficiency of the river basin.
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