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中文摘要：
在本学科框架内提升学生的学习能力、实践能力和创新能力是小学科学的重要使命。基于对学科“三大能力”的解读开发测评工具，根据城乡小学生试测结果比较其科学学科能力，发现城市学生科学学习能力和科学本质观显著优于农村学生。据此提出了从教师专业发展入手缩减城乡科学教育差距的具体策略：让农村科学教师以学习者身份体验科学概念建构、建构城乡教师共同体支持农村教师的教学探索，推广有效的小学生科学学科能力测评手段，以及由课堂入手改善科学创造新能力培养环境。
英文摘要：
An important goal of elementary science is to enhance students’ability to learn,to practice,and to create within its disciplinary framework. Framed by a theoretical model emphasizing“three major abilities,”a set of scientific a-bility assessments were developed and implemented on a sample of urban and rural five graders. The data collected,when analyzed through SEM methods,supports a modified model consisting of four latent variables defined by fifteen observed variables. Urban-rural comparison on that basis shows that urban students performed significantly better than their rural peers on science learning abilities and NOS, while rural students surpassed urban students in reverse on originality of scientific thinking. To eliminate such urban-rural gap, we suggested the following strategies：providing rural science teachers with learning experience on the construction of scientific concepts;building urban-rural practitioner community to support rural teachers’ continuous exploration of teaching practices;and popularizing effective approaches for assessing elementary stu-dents’scientific abilities.
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